Health Care Technology and Its Assessment in Eight Countries (Part 7 of 13)
نویسنده
چکیده
T he Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is a parliamentary democracy with 16 states (Lander). The legislative branch has two chambers: the parliament (Bundestag), whose members are elected by the people for four-year terms by proportionate representation, and the Bundesrat, whose members are nominated by the state governments. The Chancellor, elected by parliament, is the head of government. The President, elected by both federal legislative chambers and representatives of the 16 state parliaments, is the official head of state but may not interfere with political decisionmaking. Since the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, 16.4 million inhabitants in 1989) and the FRG on October 3, 1990, Germany has had about 80 million inhabitants living in an area of about 357,000 km. The average population density is about 225 persons per km. About 30 million individuals were employed in 1990 and 3.45 million were out of work in January 1992. A gross national product of 2,426 billion Deutschemarks (DM) (1990, West Germany only) made Germany the largest national economy within the European Community (EC). Since the reunification, the former East Germany has undergone a fundamental structural change. The economic collapse of the former socialist countries in Europe cost East German industry most of its exports. With only a few exceptions, the former state-owned industries did not survive under market conditions. Insufficient reinvestment and modernization during the time of the GDR ruined the majority of plants. I f < .
منابع مشابه
Health Care Technology and Its Assessment in Eight Countries (Part 10 of 13)
T he United Kingdom, with a total population of 48.2 million in 1992, consists of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Geographically, it consists of one large island and numerous smaller islands covering 94,500 square miles. Although physically small, its position at the northwest coast of Europe has meant that it has been able to maintain independence as an island a...
متن کاملHealth Care Technology and Its Assessment in Eight Countries (Part 3 of 13)
T he rapidly rising costs of health care became the most important health policy issue in many countries during the 1980s and early 1990s. These costs are now threatening the prospects for providing higher quality services to broader population groups, especially in the United States. The reasons for rising costs clearly include the aging of the population, with associated increasing rates of c...
متن کاملHealth technology assessment: A necessity in post-sanctions Iran while implementing the health transformation plan
Iran’s health system is in the serious need of reconstructing its infrastructures, a significant part of which is health technologies. An untapped market of 80 million people will be open to technologies of the world through Iran's entry to post-sanctions era. Health Technology Assessment projects date back to nearly eight years ago in Iran. However, given the current circumstances, its a...
متن کاملHealth Care Technology and Its Assessment in Eight Countries (Part 4 of 13)
A ustralia, which lies southeast of Asia between the Indian and Pacific oceans, consists of the smallest continent (and the world’s largest island—approximately 4,000 km from east to west and 2,000 km from north to south) as well as the island of Tasmania. About a third of the continent is uninhabitable; in another third the rainfall is too low to permit close settlement. The climate varies fro...
متن کاملHealth Care Technology and Its Assessment in Eight Countries (Part 6 of 13)
OVERVIEW OF FRANCE F rance is an industrialized country with a large agricultural sector. Its population in 1991 totaled 57 million. According to the Constitution of 1958, France is organized as a parliamentary democratic republic. Separation of legislative and executive powers, multiplicity of political parties, and respect for the Constitution and the Human Rights Declaration are the guaranti...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
دوره شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1995